Half the bits are represented on the real axis and half the bits are represented on the imaginary axis. The in-phase and quadrature signals are independent level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) ...

The classical Shannon capacity limit is well-known to communications engineers. It is useful in setting an absolute limit to what can be achieved in conveying information through a channel affected by ...

One of digital communication's most useful tools, both analytically and practically, is the constellation diagram. These diagrams encompass signal constellations, which chronologically and ...