IT is well known that for the excitation of the characteristic X-ray spectra of elements, an electron has first to be removed from some internal level; when this is done, an electron from an outer ...

X-rays, a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, pack enough energy to pierce materials and interact with inner-shell electrons. 1 When they hit a sample, ...

The copper target was operated at voltages of 11 kV, 12 kV, 13 kV, and 14 kV for the electron source, and a 50 kV configuration using a molybdenum target was used as a representative example for the ...

ABSTRACT: Simple mathematical simulations were carried out to examine the potential influence of sampling protocol on the production of characteristic benthic size spectra (in biomass and species ...