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To make information transmission to the brain reliable, the retina first has to “digitize” the image. Until now, it was widely believed that this step takes place in the retinal ganglion cells, the ...

If you’re living with bipolar disorder and standard treatments aren’t bringing relief, your provider might use the term “treatment-resistant.” It’s a label that can sound worryingly like “untreatable, ...

The essential problem in assessing bipolar disorder with other mental disorders is the lack of a clear roadmap for an accurate differential diagnosis. As I have written before, nearly two-thirds of ...

Women are more likely than men to develop bipolar 2 disorder, a subtype of the condition characterized by longer and more frequent episodes of depressive symptoms than bipolar 1. Bipolar disorder is a ...

About two-thirds of people with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed with other mental health problems before bipolar is discovered (Hirschfeld, Lewis & Vornik, 2003). Among those individuals, a ...